Post and photo by the Hawthorne Hawkman, photo changed from original post, to show 3020 6th St N, former home of "The Devil," being demolished.
After three posts about the Hawthorne Huddle last Thursday, including video before any other media, an extensive account of the meeting, and a detailed account of strategies, I'm finally getting around to answering a question or two. At least one reader wanted to know what from the EcoVillage could be replicated in terms of crime fighting and crime prevention strategies. I'm quite certain that these questions could be answered by reading through JNS posts in the summer and fall of 2008. But I'll summarize here.
I also plan on adding some commentary, but want to focus mainly on the EcoVillage. The strategies we used really got cooking in the spring of 2008 after...
...one resident had her home broken into. Just a week or so prior to that happening, we had a meeting at Farview about the EcoVillage with many of our partners from the city, Northside Home Fund, Inspector Mike Martin, Mike Christenson of CPED, and many others I'm sure I'm forgetting. The message to EcoVillage residents then was, "Hang in there; help is on the way."
Bear in mind this was back when the apartment complex of anarchy and its cousin over on 4th Street were still standing. The Devil still owned BOTH his prostitution house and pill house at 3024 and 3020 6th St N respectively. ("Respectively" in this case refers to grammar, not the Devil/Evannor Haymon. I doubt he's EVER done anything worthy of respect.) Phil Kliendl was buying up properties left, right, and center.
Drug dealing and prostitution were rampant, and vacant properties were routinely found open to trespass. In short, the EcoVillage was not a fun place to spend a few minutes, much less to live in.
So our partners at the city came along and told everyone to hang in there and that things would get better, and then right after that, someone's home was broken into. A few weeks later, that same person had her home broken open a second time. This was the lightning rod moment for the EcoVillage, where people from across city departments (and myself included) realized that we couldn't just make these promises, we had to DELIVER, and SOON.
So we got neighbors together and met at the Hawthorne office, along with our partners at the Northside Home Fund and the following city departments: CM Hofstede, CPED, Problem Properties Unit, Regulatory Services, MPD, MFD (if they're no longer inspecting 4+ unit buildings, they may or may not be necessary), and others as needed.
We went down the list of properties and issues and tackled each one individually. Mike Christenson was especially great at keeping everyone on task and making sure there was a clear understanding of who was going to do what. We held each other accountable, and we met every few weeks to update each other on our progress. The amount of change we made in the span of even one summer was nothing short of amazing.
I'll be realistic here though: We got these meetings with all of these people sitting down together in large part because the EcoVillage was a city-designated cluster project. More resources were dedicated to areas of the greatest need. Other non-cluster areas are probably not going to be able to get that same kind of focus.
That's not to say the city and others won't work with non-cluster areas, nor is it to say we can't duplicate much of what we learned.
First off, the most important thing is to have boots on the ground or eyes on the street. Residents need to be calling 911 and 311 almost incessantly. Is there a vantage point, such as someone's attic, that can be used to discreetly watch how, when, and where crime happens? That was crucial to building up a case in the EcoVillage. We also got video footage of drug deals happening from that vantage point.
In these meetings, our residents (and myself) learned which city departments handled which tasks, and we also were taught how to describe what we were seeing to a 911 or 311 operator. Technically, we shouldn't need to know if a particular problem is addressed to Reg Services or the Fire Department if we're just calling 311. But trust me, this sort of thing was incredibly helpful.
The other ingredient that's essential is patience. Even in the EcoVillage where things moved at a pretty rapid clip, things felt like they were taking forever. And we had another major asset: partners such as Project for Pride in Living were acquiring properties and keeping slumlords and drug dealers and such out of the area that way.
Not everything done in the EcoVillage can be photocopied for other areas, but much of it can be. If there is any resident, block club, or neighborhood that would like to discuss this with me further, please don't hesitate to contact me.
Monday, June 7, 2010
Hawkman on EcoVillage Crime Fighting Strategies
I Love My Home In NoMi--! There Is Oak Flooring Beneath The Crappy Veneer!
Photo and blog post by John Hoff
Ever since I first toured my home on Bryant Ave. N. in North Minneapolis, (NoMi) I have been preoccupied with a nagging question about the floors in the living room, dining room, and entryway. And, I think it's fair to say, many "house buffs" who have visited my place have been preoccupied (at least momentarily) with the same question:
Is there a hardwood floor under that tacky veneer which the previous slumlord owner installed? And, if so...
Is the hardwood floor capable of being salvaged and made beautiful? Or did some idiotic slumlord cover the flooring with glue before slapping boards over it?
A couple days ago, in a frenzy of activity aimed in the general direction of making my house more like a welcoming home, and less like a place where a platoon of soldiers might rest after a grueling firefight, I started ripping up the tacky veneer in the corner, where there was, as it turned out, a board no bigger than a dinner plate. It was nailed down, not screwed, which meant my claw hammer would work just fine, which was good, it was the only tool I had handy at the moment.
I pulled up the small piece of wood and (oh, be still my foolish heart!) there it was.
Oak flooring. And it wasn't full of glue.
Is there anything better than owning your own home? Well, maybe having my son over for visitation.
Saturday, June 5, 2010
JNS BLOG EXCLUSIVE: Details on Minneapolis Crime-Fighting Strategies
Post and photo by the Hawthorne Hawkman
After the Hawthorne Huddle on violent crime issues ended (click here, and here for previous JNS coverage), I went up to Mayor Rybak to thank him for his work on this issue. And that’s when a rather interesting conversation took place. Since handouts were scarce, he gave me some of the handouts that came his way. And then he asked if I wanted to join him for the media debrief.
Even though I was taking video and notes, I was still in “Housing Director mode.” “Well, I’m not sure where I’d fit in with the panelists and I don’t want to just jump in front of a camera. The panelists and other residents should be the focus.”
And that’s when the Mayor told me that I should be a part of the media debrief because of Johnny Northside. That’s right, johnnynorthside.com is considered MEDIA. Unfortunately, I had to decline because I had to be sure I made it back to Michigan in time for my younger brother’s high school graduation.
But the information I was given describes the five strategies in a much more detailed fashion. It begins…
(Editorial notes: I added some hyphens and commas in ways that I felt made the grammar more clear. The document is otherwise unedited. Also, I wrote this article initially with no live links. Those have been added to give readers avenues to find out more information.)
Strategy #1: Continued focus on targeted and intelligence-led policing strategies
TACTICS:
1. Rapid data analysis and deployment of resources. We feel it is important to have day-to-day intelligence that allows us to modify strategies based on current events. We have maintained a good capacity to be able to add patrol resources to problematic areas – such as SOD Patrol, Gang Enforcement Team (GET), Violent Offenders Task Force, Directed Patrol, Community Response Teams, and more.
2. Putting “cops on dots.” The overriding theme of analysis-led policing such as New York COMSTAT or Minneapolis Police Department’s Computer Optimized Deployment Focus on Results (CODEFOR) is to try and put officers where the problems are happening. The presence and visibility of police officers prevents crime and makes people feel safe. We try to stay visible in those areas by doing traffic enforcement, beats, and adding additional personnel for saturation patrols.
3. In addition to working crime patterns, our newest analytical techniques focus on areas of specific crime and active suspects in order to “predict” where they will be active next – predictive analysis. Our new Strategic Information Crime Management Unit (SICM) identifies such areas and active individuals. In addition to SICM, we will soon be opening and operating a Strategic Information Center which will have analysts, who monitor today’s incidents, research our data, and give responding officers real-time intelligence for dealing with that incident or to take follow-up actions.
4. Every shooting incident is assigned an Investigative Coordinator. That investigator works with our undercover, patrol, and intelligence units to immediately follow up on leads and try and stop any retaliatory shooting(s).
5. Coordinated response on violent crime between Investigations, Precincts, SOD, and SICM. Such efforts include saturation patrols, sweeps, and other special operations. They are coordinated with SOD Patrol, precinct CRT, the Gang Enforcement Team, Probation, MAD DAD’S, and others to try and make sure we have extra capacity to deal with busy areas.
Strategy #2: Targeted efforts on known violent offenders
TACTICS:
1. The MPD Violent Crime Offender Task Force (VOTF) is a group of MPD, St. Paul, FBI, and State Officers that focuses longer-term investigations on individual and groups of violent offenders. Several such efforts are in progress and we expect very good results. Historically, these efforts have crippled our active gangs. This effort is now a FBI Safe Streets Operation. Virtually all those arrested through this effort are sentenced to federal prison for ten years or more.
2. The MPD also compiles lists of current suspected offenders of violent crime similar to the CLEAR lists we have used to track chronic misdemeanants. The list is supported by dossiers regarding the individuals. The information includes past crimes, incidents of being shot or shot at and not cooperating with the police, and similar items. They are posted in all police roll call rooms and distributed to all members of the department.
3. MPD consistently works with the City Attorney and Hennepin County Attorney’s Office to use this list to prioritize that these offenders are held on bail, prosecuted, and sentenced.
4. The MPD and County Attorney will met to develop a strategy to work with the bench on the following:
a. The scope and negative consequences of downward departures from presumptive sentences over prosecution objection that is occurring in Hennepin County compared to other counties.
b. The scope and deleterious effect of dramatically reducing bail requirements on violent repeat offenders.
c. The harm caused by delayed execution of sentences – allowing an offender time to get [his] affairs in order before serving time.
d. The harm from the bench’s hesitancy to revoke probation when an offender re-offends.
Strategy #3: Greater focus on gun seizures and preventing gun violence.
TACTICS:
1. Continue to encourage and measure vehicle and person stops in areas where gun violence has occurred or is likely. (Reported at weekly CODEFOR mtgs.)
2. Offer patrol officers clear and concise guidelines for conducting legally valid vehicle searches (Currently complicated for vehicle searches – publish quick reference guide).
3. Relentless follow-up on all gun arrests and prosecutions.
4. Analysis of the origins of weapons with ATF.
5. Prioritize DNA analysis on all gun arrests (to assist in rapid prosecution).
6. Cooperative effort with the US Attorney’s Office to ensure that all eligible gun arrests are prosecuted at the Federal level.
7. Seek internal or external funding opportunities for targeted overtime to increase uniform presence in areas where gun violence has occurred or is likely.
Strategy #4: Continued emphasis on the Blueprint for Reducing Youth Violence
TACTICS:
1. Continue successful juvenile efforts such as curfew enforcement, JCAT, and community diversion efforts.
2. Using School Resource Officers (SRO’s) during summer months to work beats in near north and south parks and other high-traffic areas.
3. Work with the Park Police to better safeguard our parks citywide.
4. Stress importance of curfew compliance to communities as a safety strategy for their children.
Strategy #5: Increased community engagement and support for community-led efforts to reduce violent crime.
TACTICS:
1. Continue collaboration and timely updates of Neighborhood Policing Plans. We’ll work with them to modify plans if necessary for these strategy needs.
2. Continue partnership and support with MADDADS.
3. Encourage and support community-driven Anti-Violence campaigns (Bishop Howell).
4. Continue our crime prevention education with CPS’s and police.
EXAMPLE:
The following is a recent example (Memorial Weekend) of the Northside detail aimed at reducing violence and taking guns.
- Lt. Lindbeck went with VJ Smith of MADDADS and spoke directly to Derrick Martin’s family (homicide victim) to calm them, explain what we were doing, and to prevent retaliation
- Community contacts (clergy) have called with relevant information due to past relationships and trust that has been established after recent incidents.
- The Gang Enforcement Team has been working effectively in two ways: 1) street suppression making contact with gang members through enforcement and consensual contacts, and 2) using informant information to make targeted stops aimed at finding and recovering guns.
- The Violent Crime Apprehension Team has been working hard to apprehend individuals who are identified in this series of incidents and for whom PC Pickups have been issued.
- SICM – Intel (Off. Emily Lehner) is getting updated intelligence out to everyone quickly, accurately, and with suggested actions when warranted.
- Our Community Response Teams and precinct-directed patrol are focusing their enforcement efforts on known hangouts for the Taliban, 19’ers, and Stick-Up Boys.
- The Park Police have talked directly to the Park Directors at Farview, North Commons, and Folwell to let them know what is happening and put them on alert to call if they see pending problems.
- The Special Operations Division Patrol has been helping with directed patrol in the areas we have identified and they have also helped in answering 911 calls (it has been very busy).
- We have been coordinating with Brooklyn Center and Brooklyn Park because they share our problems with these same gangs.
- Homicide is getting info to us as quickly as they can. This includes information on addresses needing extra patrol because the resident(s) are cooperating with the case.
The above effort netted several arrests including seven handguns.
This is the end of the document provided to me. JNS readers, feel free to weigh in.
Friday, June 4, 2010
It's Free Speech Friday! Sample Topic: Is The Phrase "Partner In Crime" Defamation? Should I "Cease And Desist" Or Just Laugh My Ass Off?
Photo and Blog Post By John Hoff
Whatever. Sucky trolls.
Free Speech Friday started for two reasons: one, people use Johnny Northside as a forum to discuss all kinds of North Minneapolis subjects, which sometimes means posting stuff "off topic" on various threads. We tried to use Free Speech Friday to control, prevent, or at least channel that, but people still post off-topic.
Oh, well.
Second, sometimes I just get busy on Friday with picking up my son (pictured above) for weekend visitation. I can hardly wait to pick him up, to the point I arrive HOURS early just to see him. So Fridays get busy and yet I want to get some good content up on Friday. So Free Speech Friday was an attempt to deal with both issues--topic creep in the comments and busy Fridays.
Feel free to discuss what you like, but I'll start by throwing out a topic for you.
Consider, if you will, the phrase "partner in crime." If I were to say, "The Hawthorne Hawkman is my partner in crime," do I literally mean we commit misdemeanors and felonies together? Or do I mean we have adventures together, get into and out of scrapes together, that kind of thing? (Like, oh gee, urban dictionary defines the phrase, as well as common ordinary understanding defines the phrase)
Let us say I used the phrase and...
...some lawyer, with a TERRIBLE professional reputation, whose legal "other half" just got suspended from the practice of law, INDEFINITELY, were to tell me, in effect, and in so many words, "You, John Hoff, are defaming me by calling me the 'partner in crime' of Jill M. Waite."
What should I do? Should I shake in my boots?
Or should I laugh all the way to the place where the U.S. Constitution is displayed behind bullet proof glass for visitors in Washington D.C., a constitution which includes the First Amendment?
I know what I'm GOING to do but, hey, it's FREE SPEECH FRIDAY. Somebody, anybody, tell me YOUR thoughts on this matter or some other matter.
Same rules as always apply to sucky trolls.
And Now A Little Demolition Scuttlebutt...
Stock photo and blog post by John Hoff
Check it out...
http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/council/2010-meetings/20100618/CD20100608agenda.asp
5. Demolition of Three Structures (1900 & 2010 W Broadway, 2324 Lyndale Ave N):
Accept low responsible bid of Carl Bolander and Sons Company, $62,600, for demolition & site clearance (Also in W&M/Budget).
So they're knocking down a few Northside buildings. I can't quite figure out which buildings they are from Google streetview, but it seems like a couple of apartment buildings?
Also of note, the attached description of "TMS Construction" and their failures.
http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/council/2010-meetings/20100618/Docs/Demo_Bids_ATTACH.pdf
Residents, Community Leaders Discuss Violent Crime at Hawthorne Huddle
Post and photos by the Hawthorne Hawkman
"We definitely need help in Lind-Bohanon," said Barb Carruthers, a resident of the neighborhood for over thirty years. She echoed the concerns of another resident, Chris Painter, who noted three recent homicides in the Lind-Bohanon community.
Inspector Mike Martin corrected Painter, saying that in one of those shootings, the victim survived. "I know that doesn't make it any safer," he added.
With the recent increase in violent crime in Minneapolis as the topic, over 100 residents, community leaders, and public officials gathered on Thursday June 2nd at the Hawthorne Huddle. Many residents clearly stated that they didn't want to see yet another meeting with nothing more than lip service, and understandably so. Yet such meetings aren't meant to solve the problem the instant people walk out the door. Concerns were expressed and heard, possible causes and solutions discussed, and partnerships forged as we work to address violent crimes in Minneapolis.
(Other media entities, such as KSTP and Minnesota Public Radio, have reported on this event, but JNS got to it first, and this particular entry will likely be the most comprehensive. Thank you, readers, for your time and loyalty)
To get things started, Mike Martin spoke about...
...focusing on some of the main corridors such as Broadway Avenue and Lowry Avenue, as well as nodes where crime tends to be concentrated, like 36th and Penn or 36th and Lyndale. After his comments, one person spoke about how the cameras and lighting have made "a huge difference" on Penn and Lowry.
Chief Dolan spoke about how violent crime among juveniles remains down, and that our efforts from previous years are paying off. On the face of it, this seems incongruent with the claims of some of the community members present, that we need more programs for the youth. However, if these youth programs keep our young people from winding up as the future adult violent offenders, then everybody wins.
Dolan also stated that half of the homicides this year involved robberies and/or narcotics as a suspected motive, and five were gang-related. So what do we do about it? Dolan said the MPD and their partners will focus on predictive targeted strategies to go after the most prolific offenders. In normal English, this apparently means they will target individuals and gangs using both street and undercover efforts to get the top ten offenders in each geographic area locked up.
Guns are also a common denominator in most of the violent crimes. And the MPD works with the county and United States attorneys to aggressively pursue gun violence. A "good gun arrest" is one that goes to the courts and is successfully used to hold individuals accountable.
Mike Martin added that year-to-date, 286 guns have been taken off of the street. "Every one is a gun that won't be used to shoot someone." 44% of those have come from north Minneapolis, and in one case, 57 guns were taken from one person alone. This person apparently was not in or from north Minneapolis, because Martin said that without that case, 53% of guns confiscated year-to-date would have come from north Minneapolis.
Mayor Rybak spoke about how this is "an absolutely unacceptable level of violence, and in marked contrast" to the progress we have made over the past three years. This is certainly not the first such meeting in Hawthorne on this topic, as a similar forum happened in 2006. In contrast to that forum, the most vocal residents were from much farther north than before.
In laying out a five-point strategy, Rybak said "Anyone who commits a violent crime anywhere in the city should feel the heat." The five strategies Rybak detailed are:
1. Continued focus on targeted and intelligence-led policing strategies.
2. Targeted efforts on known violent offenders.
3. Greater focus on gun seizures and preventing gun violence. While articulating this strategy, Rybak said they ask where do the guns used in violent crimes come from? And the answer is that many make it to the streets after being stolen from gun shops.
4. Continued focus on Juvenile crime.
5. Increased community engagement and support for community-led efforts to reduce violent crime. Here, he began to close his remarks by saying, "Now more than ever, we need the police and community" to work together. "We are frustrated, we are angry, and we are acting."
These community partnerships with the police department and the city were a crucial factor in making part one offenses virtually non-existent in the Hawthorne EcoVillage, and I for one offer whatever assistance I can give to the affected neighborhoods AND city departments to do what we can to replicate that success elsewhere. Whether I do these things in my capacity as Hawthorne Housing Director or as a volunteer, I am just as committed to helping however I can.
Chief Dolan was up next, and emphatically stated that "This chief and this mayor made juvenile crime a priority." He focused on prevention efforts such as the truancy supervision center. When a 13-year-old is out on the streets at 1 a.m. "there's only two things that are going to happen, neither of them good. They're either going to commit a crime or have a crime committed against them."
So the county is committed to using the truancy supervision center as a means to keep kids off the streets until their parents can get them, and ultimately keep kids in school so they don't miss opportunities to learn the life skills needed to stay off the streets.
The county is also focused on felony gun cases. When (ex)felons who are not supposed to have guns are caught with them, that's a pretty open-and-shut case that makes a huge difference in getting violent offenders off of the streets. Just like in drug dealing cases, the county is less concerned with the small fish and more focused on finding the source. This is much harder with guns, however.
Finally, Freeman noted that community impact statements make a huge difference when residents can either write up their account or ideally show up in court to testify how we're affected by an individual's violent acts. And geographic restrictions are quite helpful in that they allow the police to take action whenever a person is even seen in an area they've previously terrorized and are not supposed to be in.
VJ Smith of MAD DADS spoke next about how young people on the streets are looking for love that they don't have at home. He announced a community resources fair being held on Saturday, June 12, 11-4 at 900 W Broadway, in the McDonald's parking lot. For more information, contact V.J. at 612-455-4632 or vjsmith@urbanventures.org. "Everybody's sick and tired of just sitting around and talking. Let's get busy."
Smith spoke about how in one day of outreach, he made 158 referrals of people who want help, and got them in contact with places that can offer the necessary resources. Many kids, according to Smith, start with gang affiliation as early as the 5th grade, and most start because of issues in the home.
Smith was the first person to get any kind of applause, when he closed with his remarks, "I want to be the heart behind what goes down (on the streets)...that's not law enforcement's job, but that's MY job."
Once the floor was open for questions, Chris Painter of Lind-Bohanon described her situation as noted in the opening of this post. Part of the difficulties in her neighborhood is that many people are either afraid to go on walking patrols, even with MAD DADS, or they work long enough hours that they just don't have the time. When she said she was feeling neglected, Martin and Rybak responded that there is a constant struggle with the allocation of resources, but they're familiar with all of the people doing crimes.
The other Lind-Bohanon resident, Barb Carruthers, said she has identified four drug houses on her block alone, and that in one case, she saw one car pull up and do eight drug deals in ten minutes before leaving. That's how quickly this kind of thing happens.
Troy Parker, who ran for city council in Ward 4, brought the issues to his concern of joblessness among those committing crimes. He brought up MnDOT and its failure to hire sufficient numbers of minorities.
(Hawkman interjects: What's the issue with MnDOT complaints anyway? I've seen reports that make it appear as though they ought to be doing a better job hiring minorities. But what I don't see is a connection that so many people make between that and the need for jobs in north Minneapolis. Plus, the city of Minneapolis doesn't have authority over MnDOT. And it's not as if MnDOT is the only game in town, and I also haven't seen it clearly articulated that MnDOT's improvements would have such a huge impact in NoMi. Am I missing some detail about MnDOT or is this fixation misguided in some way?)
Rybak wanted to keep the focus on the tactical response to the crime, but did say that now in Minneapolis unemployment is lower than it is in many of the suburbs - a rarity in metropolitan areas. Mike Christenson of CPED also stated that 2300 youth will be employed this summer through the city's job program. And out of 300 residential rehabs in north Minneapolis, 50% are being done by Northside or minority contractors. (He didn't bring up the high performance of the Ackerberg Group/Catalyst along West Broadway in this regard, but I will.) Christenson said that MnDOT should model itself after the city's success.
Other residents expressed frustration that people move out of the neighborhoods due to crime, and that opens the doors for slum landlords to buy properties and rent to people who perpetuate the cycle. And another asked what we can do about the fact that funding streams for youth programs are in a perpetual state of decline. Rybak invited people to come to his open houses, which he has twice a month, to discuss these things.
Don Allen asked where the Minneapolis Urban League has been around this issue. And what about the Northside Marketing Task Force? (Hawkman interjects: the NMTF died a gruesome death from its own dysfunctions and is likely never coming back in any meaningful way. And what does that have to do with the issue at hand?) He also insinuated or directly claimed (my notes aren't quite clear on this) that the black people in attendance aren't representative of the community and are only there because they're running for office.
Rybak countered that he's never seen the MUL more focused than they are right now. They haven't always been so committed, but they're working with us now. (In fairness to Allen's question, nobody from the Urban League seemed to be in attendance. If they indeed are so focused, then they need to have a presence at large community events like this one so that we are aware of what they're doing.)
A Hawthorne resident asked what happens to the guns that get confiscated (they're destroyed, according to Chief Dolan). And how do we know about geographic restrictions? Roberta Englund of the Folwell and Webber-Camden neighborhoods directed her to the 4th Precinct CARE website. (Hawkman interjects: This site looks great and informative. But I can't seem to find anything on geographic restrictions. Anyone more familiar with the site, help me out. Because what we REALLY need is a dedicated area where people can go to easily search names, physical descriptions, crimes committed, and geographic areas so that residents can be informed and take action around this issue.)
But perhaps the most impressive speaker was Jamil Jackson, a northside resident and father who coaches basketball for our youth. He said the other night he had 113 kids in the gym playing basketball, and there was no violence. "They need us," was his plea for more volunteers to help with programs like this one. But he also called out the Boys and Girls Club, saying they want $5 for entry. So the kids who don't have that hang out across the street. And "of course the man with the money draws them in."
Jackson, like many others, heard a lot of discussion about issues, but likely left wanting more in the way of concrete solutions. Don't we all? But such is the nature of meetings like this Hawthorne Huddle. The dialogue and networking that happen are crucial, but what really matters is the results we get when we take action together.
Thursday, June 3, 2010
North Minneapolis Murderer Philander D. Jenkins Loses Appeal--His Unsuccessful Lawyers Were (Guess Who?) "The Two Jills"
Artsy fartsy stock photo and blog post by John Hoff
In a nutshell, Philander D. Jenkins (whose troubles no doubt started when one or both of his parents named him "Philander") is a dirty, no-good murdering piece of human garbage, and this is an undeniable legal fact. Philander committed premeditated first degree murder in the shooting deaths of two people at a 2922 Dupont Ave. N. on March 14, 2007. At the time, Jenkins lived in a "rooming house" at 1811 Quincy in Northeast Minneapolis. Police found him in bed with a naked woman. Philander took the time to get dressed and, oh gee, his clothing had BLOOD on it. This pretty much damned Philander who--in addition to being a murderer--is apparently not very bright nor neat in his personal habits, as evidenced by his ending up in bed with a naked woman instead of taking the time to GET RID OF THE BLOODY CLOTHING by, I don't know, BURNING IT. WASHING IT. Washing it, then burning it, then burying the ashes, then running to Chicago.
I'm sure Philander has A LOT of time to think about how he should have done his laundry. Try as they might with whatever skill they may possess, his defense attorneys couldn't save Philander from his mistakes.
These defense attorneys (who argued all kinds of things that didn't fly worth a fig) were--did you already guess correctly?--the "partners in crime" known as the "two Jills," one of which (Jill M. Waite) was suspended from the practice of law only several days after Philander's case was decided. Somehow, I smell an "ineffective assistance of counsel" appeal coming on, or at least such a fantasy appeal being hotly dreamed about in the dingy pro se, in forma pauperis corners of Minnesota Correctional system.
For those who want to learn about this appeal in all its fascinating detail--including some rather interesting back-and-forth between the court and one of the Jills, quoted verbatim--I give you the case (a public document) in its entirety...
STATE v. JENKINS
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
v.
Philander Dermont Jenkins, Appellant.
No. A08-1269.
Supreme Court of Minnesota.
Filed: May 20, 2010.
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda M. Freyer, Assistant County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for respondent.
Jill Clark, Golden Valley, Minnesota; and Jill M. Waite, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for appellant.
OPINION
PAGE, Justice.
Appellant Philander Dermont Jenkins was indicted on two counts of first-degree premeditated murder and two counts of first-degree felony murder for the shooting deaths of Lorenzo Porter and Eugene Curry and, after a jury trial, was found guilty on all counts. The district court entered convictions on the two first-degree premeditated murder counts and imposed consecutive sentences of life in prison without the possibility of release. In this direct appeal, Jenkins raises the following issues: (1) whether his arrest pursuant to a Crow Wing County bench warrant was unlawful and, if so, whether his arrest was otherwise supported by probable cause; (2) whether the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence seized from his person incident to his arrest; (3) whether the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence seized from the room where he lived; (4) whether the district court erred in excluding alternative-perpetrator evidence; (5) whether the district court erred in excluding certain bias evidence; (6) whether Jenkins' right to due process was violated by police; (7) whether his right to due process was violated by prosecutorial misconduct; (8) whether he is entitled to a new trial based on newly discovered evidence; and (9) whether the district court erred in imposing consecutive life sentences. We affirm Jenkins' convictions and sentences.
Background
Between 2:00 and 2:30 a.m. on March 14, 2007, Porter and Curry were shot to death in the first-floor unit of a North Minneapolis triplex. The unit, located at 2922 Dupont, was the home of Cassandra Simms, who lived there with her children. Simms, along with three of her children, 12-year-old S.F. and 5-year-old twins J.F. and D.F., and a friend, Patricia Walker, were present in the home during the hours leading up to and at the time of the shootings. Shortly after the shootings, Simms called the police from a neighbor's telephone. Upon their arrival, the police found Porter's body in the kitchen on the floor and Curry's body in a bedroom off the kitchen. There was cocaine, baking powder, plastic bags, and a scale on the kitchen table and a footprint in the blood on the floor next to Porter's body. The pants worn by both Porter and Curry were pulled down with the pockets turned inside out. The police investigation proceeded quickly after their arrival.
Through interviews with Simms and Walker, the police learned that in the late afternoon hours on March 13, 2007, Porter, Curry, and Jenkins visited Simms' home. At the time, Jenkins was wearing a black hooded sweatshirt, black tennis shoes, and blue jeans. Porter, Curry, and Jenkins left the unit around 8 p.m. and at some point later that night Porter and Curry returned to the unit without Jenkins. Around midnight, Simms, who had been in bed sleeping since about 5 p.m., awoke and went to the kitchen to take some medication. Before going back to bed, Simms had a conversation with Jenkins, who by then had returned to Simms' unit. Sometime later, Jackie Mack and Marvin White stopped by and an argument ensued between Mack and Curry. During this argument, Mack threatened that she was going to send someone to shoot Curry. After the argument, Mack and White left.
Around 2:25 a.m., Simms, Walker, and the three children, who were all sleeping, were awakened by the sound of gunshots and gathered in the doorway to the unit's middle bedroom. According to Simms, she saw a taller man, who was wearing a black hooded sweatshirt and black shoes and pants walk toward the front door and leave the unit. Having gotten a glimpse of the man's clothing, Simms identified him as possibly Jenkins. At trial, she additionally testified that she saw the man's face and it was Jenkins. According to Walker, she saw two men leave. One was wearing a black hooded sweatshirt, light jeans, and white shoes, and the other wore a black hooded sweatshirt, dark jeans, and black shoes. Walker recognized Jenkins' voice when one of the men yelled to the other to get going.
The police learned from Porter's brother that Porter had called his brother earlier that evening using a cell phone Porter owned. The cell phone, however, was not in the holster Porter was wearing and could not be found in the unit. As a result, the police sought and obtained the call log for the phone from Porter's cell phone service provider. The call log indicated that a number of calls were made on the phone after Porter's death. One of those calls was to a taxicab company. From the taxicab company, the police learned that a male and female passenger were picked up at 1714 Broadway in North Minneapolis and taken to the intersection of 18-1/2 Street and Quincy in Northeast Minneapolis.
Around 5:20 a.m. that morning, the police interviewed an occupant of the upstairs unit of the triplex at 2922 Dupont who indicated that a person the occupant knew as "Kill" or "Phil" had been shot a couple of days earlier and that "Phil" had recently tried to sell a gun to the occupant's brother. Viewing a photo of Jenkins, the occupant identified Jenkins as the person she knew as "Phil."
At some point that morning the police learned that Jenkins lived in a rooming house at 1811 Quincy in Northeast Minneapolis. They also learned that there was an outstanding Crow Wing County bench warrant for Jenkins' arrest. Based on all the information they had obtained, the police began the application process for a warrant to search 1811 Quincy and dispatched the Violent Criminal Apprehension Team to that address. Upon their arrival, several officers approached the front door of 1811 Quincy and knocked. After several minutes, Jenkins answered the door, but lied about his identity. After determining that the man who answered the door was Jenkins, the officers placed him under arrest.
According to the arresting officers, once arrested, Jenkins, accompanied by officers, was allowed to retrieve shoes and a coat from his room. Before entering the room, Jenkins indicated that an unclothed woman was in the room. A female officer entered the room to verify that there was a woman inside and to allow her to get dressed. While in the room, the officer noticed two cell phones in plain view on a dresser. Information about the cell phones was forwarded to the officers applying for the search warrant. Once the woman, later identified as Lillian Blount, was clothed, the officer escorted her from the room and Jenkins briefly entered the room to retrieve his shoes and coat. Both Jenkins and Blount were then transported to the police department for questioning. When Jenkins arrived at the homicide unit, the police observed what appeared to be blood on Jenkins' clothing. As a result, the clothing was photographed and subsequently seized.
After Jenkins and Blount were taken to the homicide unit, several officers remained at the rooming house to "freeze" the scene to ensure that no one went in or came out of Jenkins' room before the search warrant could be procured. Two officers remained inside the room for about ten minutes after Jenkins was removed. One of those officers saw what appeared to be the barrel of a handgun sticking out from under clothing near a chair in the room and that information was forwarded to the officers seeking the warrant. A warrant was subsequently issued, the room was searched, and a number of items were seized, including the two cell phones and the gun seen earlier by the officers.
Jenkins' version of his arrest was markedly different. At the suppression hearing, Jenkins testified that he never asked to retrieve any clothing from his room because he was wearing his coat and shoes at the time of his arrest. He further testified that, upon arrest, he was immediately escorted outside to a police vehicle and never returned to his room.
I.
First, Jenkins argues that his arrest pursuant to the Crow Wing County bench warrant was unlawful because the warrant was used as a pretext for probable cause to arrest him for the murders of Porter and Curry. He further contends the police did not otherwise have probable cause to arrest him for those murders. He suggests that the warrant was being used by the Minneapolis police in an effort to frame him for the murders because of a lawsuit he had successfully brought against them. Thus, he argues that the evidence seized pursuant to his arrest should have been suppressed.
The Fourth Amendment provides that
[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
U.S. Const. amend. IV. The Minnesota Constitution, using nearly identical language, also protects a person's right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. However, for an arrest without a warrant, "this court independently reviews the facts to determine the reasonableness of the conduct of police" in making the arrest. State v. Riley, 568 N.W.2d 518, 523 (Minn. 1997). "The question of the legality of the arrest turns not on the reasonableness or practicality of obtaining a warrant, but on the reasonableness of the arrest." Id. Probable cause for an arrest exists when the police "reasonably could have believed that a crime has been committed by the person to be arrested." Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). The reasonableness of the actions of the police is an objective inquiry based on the collective knowledge of the officers. Id. "The existence of probable cause depends on the facts of each individual case." Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).
With respect to Jenkins' claim that the police misused the bench warrant to arrest him for the two murders, we first note that there can be no question that an arrest pursuant to a valid warrant is supported by probable cause and is therefore reasonable. Jenkins has not identified, and we have not found, any case in which we have held otherwise. Nor are we aware of any case in which we have looked beyond the validity of the warrant and examined law enforcement's motive for executing the warrant, and we decline to do so in this case. Jenkins did not challenge the validity of the Crow Wing County bench warrant at the trial court, nor has he done so here. Further, the record before us does not contain anything that calls into question the validity of the bench warrant. Thus, we conclude that Jenkins' arrest pursuant to that warrant was proper.
Independent of the Crow Wing County bench warrant, we are satisfied, based on the record before us, that the police had probable cause to arrest Jenkins for the murders of Porter and Curry. The objective evidence supporting probable cause to arrest Jenkins for the murders and available to police at the time the arrest includes the following: a statement from a witness indicating that just days before the murders Jenkins was in possession of a gun; Jenkins spent much of the late afternoon and early evening before the murders with the two victims at the location where they were killed; Jenkins was seen at the location where the murders occurred; an occupant of the triplex unit where the murders took place informed police officers that she saw a man wearing clothing similar to those worn by Jenkins that evening leaving the scene shortly after the murders took place; and that occupant affirmed that Jenkins could have been the person she saw leaving the scene shortly after the murders.
The police also knew that the cell phone of one of the victims could not be found at the crime scene; that the missing cell phone was used sometime after the murders to call a taxicab operator, who dispatched a taxicab to 1714 Broadway in North Minneapolis; and that the taxicab picked up a man and a woman from that address and dropped them off at 18-1/2 Street and Quincy in Northeast Minneapolis. The police were aware that Jenkins lived at 1811 Quincy in Northeast Minneapolis, which was close to the location where the taxicab dropped off the man and the woman. Finally, when the police arrived at 1811 Quincy and confronted Jenkins, he lied to them about his identity. Based on this evidence, we conclude that the information available to the police at the time of Jenkins' arrest supports probable cause for that arrest.
II.
Jenkins also argues that his clothing was unlawfully seized incident to his arrest. This argument also fails. During a lawful custodial arrest, the police are authorized to perform a full search of the person without a warrant. United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 225 (1973). "[T]he effects in [the arrestee's] possession at the place of detention that were subject to search at the time and place of his arrest may lawfully be searched and seized without a warrant." United States v. Edwards, 415 U.S. 800, 807 (1974); see also State v. Smith, 295 Minn. 65, 70, 203 N.W.2d 348, 351-52 (1972) ("The seizure of defendant's boots at the time of booking was a valid search and seizure incident to arrest."). "This is true where the clothing or effects are immediately seized upon arrival at the jail, held under the defendant's name in the `property room' of the jail, and at a later time searched and taken for use at the subsequent criminal trial." Edwards, 415 U.S. at 807. Accordingly, because we conclude that Jenkins' arrest was lawful, we also conclude that the seizure of Jenkins' clothing was lawful as a seizure incident to a lawful arrest.
III.
Next, we address Jenkins' argument that items seized from his room at 1811 Quincy, including the cell phones and gun, should have been suppressed because the application for the warrant authorizing the search of the room was not supported by probable cause. More specifically, he contends that references to the cell phones and gun observed in his room were improperly included in the affidavit supporting the warrant application because the officers who provided information about the cell phone and gun were not lawfully in his room when those items were first discovered. He further contends that, when the cell phones and gun are excluded from the warrant application, the application is not supported by probable cause. In addition, he argues that the application was facially invalid because it misstated the destination supplied by the taxi driver.
When reviewing a district court's decision to issue a search warrant, our only consideration is whether the judge issuing the warrant "had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed." State v. Rochefort, 631 N.W.2d 802, 804 (Minn. 2001). We review the district court's factual findings for clear error and the district court's legal determinations de novo. State v. Buckingham, 772 N.W.2d 64, 70 (Minn. 2009). We give the district court's factual determinations great deference. Rochefort, 631 N.W.2d at 804. In doing so, we are to consider the totality of the circumstances and "must be careful not to review each component of the affidavit in isolation." State v. Wiley, 366 N.W.2d 265, 268 (Minn. 1985).
The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the "veracity" and "basis of knowledge" of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983). Elements bearing on this probability determination include information establishing a nexus between the crime, objects to be seized and the place to be searched. State v. Souto, 578 N.W.2d 744, 747 (Minn. 1998); 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment, § 3.7(d) (4th ed. 2004).
Before trial, Jenkins sought to suppress the cell phones and gun found in his room by police officers. At that hearing, Jenkins argued that when the police discovered the cell phones and gun the police were unlawfully in his room. The State, arguing that the police were lawfully in the room, offered evidence indicating the two cell phones were observed by an officer in plain sight when the officer entered the room to allow Blount, who was in the room but unclothed, to dress before she was escorted out of the room. The State also provided evidence that another officer observed the gun in plain sight when that officer entered the room with Jenkins to allow Jenkins to get his shoes and coat.
The district court found that the police were lawfully in the room when the cell phones and gun were discovered because Jenkins requested permission to enter his room to retrieve his shoes and coat. Relying on testimony from Blount that the officers "eye searched" the room without moving anything and testimony from the officers that they did not have to move anything in the room in order to see the cell phones or gun, the court further found that those items were in plain sight and therefore were properly included in the search warrant application.
We are satisfied that the cell phones and the gun were properly included in the warrant application. We have held that an officer may lawfully accompany an arrestee into his room after an arrest outside the room in order for the arrestee to retrieve items such as a coat and shoes. State v. Griffin, 336 N.W.2d 519, 523-24 (Minn. 1983). Here, the district court found that Jenkins asked that he be allowed to retrieve his shoes and coat from the room and that based on that request the officers were lawfully in Jenkins' room when they observed the cell phones and gun. The court's findings are supported by the record and are not clear error. Therefore, Jenkins' argument seeking suppression of the cell phones and the gun fails.
His argument that the warrant was facially invalid because the affidavit misidentified the destination of the taxi that picked up the male and female passengers at 1714 Broadway as 1811 Quincy Avenue when it should have been 1807 Quincy Avenue has no merit. "`Misrepresentations invalidate a warrant when they are (1) deliberately or recklessly made, and (2) material to establishing probable cause, meaning probable cause could likely not be established without them.'" State v. Mems, 708 N.W.2d 526, 532 (Minn. 2006) (quoting State v. Jones, 678 N.W.2d 1, 12 (Minn. 2004)). Although the warrant application here misstates the location where the taxicab dropped the man and woman off, Jenkins has not pointed us to, and we have not found, anything in the record before us suggesting that the misstatement was deliberately or recklessly made or that the precise location of their drop off was material to establishing probable cause. Thus, Jenkins is not entitled to any relief on this claim.
IV.
We next address Jenkins' argument that the district court erred in excluding evidence implicating Simms, Walker, Mack, and White as alternative perpetrators. Evidentiary rulings are within the discretion of the district court and will not be overturned absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Vance, 714 N.W.2d 428, 436 (Minn. 2006). However, the exclusion of alternative-perpetrator evidence "will almost invariably be declared unconstitutional when it significantly undermines fundamental elements of the defendant's defense." Jones, 678 N.W.2d at 16 (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Every defendant has a constitutional right to present a complete defense, including evidence tending to prove another person committed the crime. Id. at 15-16, 19; see also Minn. Const. art. 1 § 6. This right is not absolute; courts may limit the defendant's evidence to ensure that the defendant does not confuse or mislead the jury. State v. Hannon, 703 N.W.2d 498, 506 (Minn. 2005).
As a threshold matter, in order for alternative-perpetrator evidence to be admissible, the defendant must offer evidence having an inherent tendency to connect the alternative perpetrator to the commission of the charged crime. Jones, 678 N.W.2d at 16. The purpose of this foundational requirement is to "avoid[] the use of bare suspicion and safeguard[] a third person from indiscriminate use of past differences with the deceased." State v. Richardson, 670 N.W.2d 267, 280 (Minn. 2003) (quoting State v. Hawkins, 260 N.W.2d 150, 159 (Minn. 1977)). If the defendant fails to meet this foundational requirement, the alternative-perpetrator evidence is not admissible and the trial court need not consider any of the alternative-perpetrator evidence further. State v. Palubicki, 700 N.W.2d 476, 485 (Minn. 2005). If the defendant meets the foundational requirement the defendant may then, subject to the ordinary rules of evidence, "introduce evidence of a motive of the third person to commit the crime, threats by the third person, or other miscellaneous facts which would tend to prove the third person committed the act," in order to cast reasonable doubt on the State's case. Hawkins, 260 N.W.2d at 159; see also State v. Bock, 229 Minn. 449, 458-59, 39 N.W.2d 887, 892-93 (1949).
The district court found, based on the totality of all the evidence offered, that Jenkins failed to produce evidence having an inherent tendency to connect either Simms, Walker, Mack, or White to the commission of the charged crime. While it is difficult to identify Jenkins' precise claims of error, we understand Jenkins to be making three constitutional arguments challenging the foundational requirement for the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence: (1) the requirement impermissibly places the burden of proof on the defendant; (2) it contains a deadline for the submission of such evidence which interferes with a defendant's right to present a complete defense; and (3) the requirement violates a defendant's right to have a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense as held in Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319 (2006). In addition, Jenkins argues that the evidence proffered satisfies the foundational requirement.
A.
Due process prevents the state from placing the burden of disproving elements of a crime upon the defendant. State v. Cannady, 727 N.W.2d 403, 408 (Minn. 2007); State v. Hage, 595 N.W.2d 200, 204 (Minn. 1999); see also U.S. Const. amend. XIV. Jenkins claims that requiring criminal defendants to show that the proffered alternative-perpetrator evidence has an inherent tendency to connect the alternative perpetrator to the commission of the charged crime violates due process because it shifts the burden of proof to the defendant. This claim fails on its face.
Jenkins was charged with two counts of first-degree premeditated murder and two counts of first-degree felony murder. The elements of first-degree premeditated murder are the death of a human, defendant caused that death, defendant acted with premeditation, and defendant intended to kill the victim or another. Minn. Stat. § 609.185(a)(1) (2008). The elements of first-degree felony murder, in which the underlying felony is aggravated robbery, are the death of a human, defendant caused that death, defendant intended to kill the victim or another, and defendant was engaged in the act of committing or attempting to commit the crime of aggravated robbery when he caused the death. Minn. Stat. § 609.185(a)(3) (2008). The problem for Jenkins in making his burden-shifting claim is that the requirement that a defendant lay a proper foundation before alternative-perpetrator evidence will be admitted does not require Jenkins to produce evidence on an essential element of the charged offenses, nor did Jenkins' failure to lay a proper foundation for the alternative-perpetrator evidence prevent an essential element from ever reaching the jury. Thus, the district court did not require Jenkins to either prove or disprove any element of the offense. Because Jenkins was not required to either prove or disprove any element of the charged offense, his right to due process was not violated.
B.
Due process also includes the right to be treated with fundamental fairness and a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense. State v. Netland, 762 N.W.2d 202, 208 (Minn. 2009); see also U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 7. Jenkins' trial commenced on February 11, 2008. On January 11, 2008, Jenkins brought a motion seeking the admission of the alternative-perpetrator evidence because, according to Jenkins, the district court required that he address the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence before trial. That motion was argued at a pretrial hearing on January 22 and 23. The district court denied Jenkins' motion on the record at the hearing and issued an order on February 1, 2008, formally denying the motion. Jenkins asserts that requiring the foundation for the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence to be laid before trial violated his right to due process.
Presumably, Jenkins' complaint is that, by requiring him to raise the alternative-perpetrator issue before trial, he was in some way precluded thereafter from revisiting the admission of such evidence based on information discovered subsequent to the hearing but before the end of his trial. This due process claim necessarily fails. The district court made clear at the time it denied Jenkins' motion that Jenkins was free to revisit the issue during trial if he felt there was other evidence available to meet the foundational requirement. Moreover, as Jenkins acknowledges in his brief and as the record bears out, he was permitted to, and in fact did, revisit the alternative-perpetrator issue on a number of occasions during the trial. In that the district court informed Jenkins that the alternative-perpetrator issue could be revisited and subsequently was revisited on a number of occasions during the trial, we conclude that Jenkins was not denied due process.
C.
A defendant's right to present a meaningful defense includes the right to present evidence that a third party may have committed the crime for which the defendant is charged. Jones, 678 N.W.2d at 15-16; see also Minn. Const. art. 1 § 6. Jenkins contends, however, that the United States Supreme Court's holding in Holmes v. South Carolina renders our standard for admitting alternative-perpetrator evidence unconstitutional. We disagree. In Holmes, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional South Carolina's law denying evidence of a third-party's guilt solely because the State had a strong forensic case. 547 U.S. at 330-31. Our foundational requirement differs greatly in that admissibility depends exclusively on whether the evidence offered by the defendant inherently connects an alternative perpetrator to the commission of the charged crime regardless of the strength of the State's case. Furthermore, Holmes specifically identified Jones as an example of the "widely accepted" foundational requirement that "neither the petitioner nor his amici challenge." Id. at 327. The United States Supreme Court's decision in Holmes did not render the foundational requirement from Jones unconstitutional.
D.
Jenkins further contends that, even if the foundational requirement is constitutional, he met the requirement with respect to each of the individuals and therefore the district court erred in denying the admission of the alternative-perpetrator evidence. With respect to White, Jenkins offered evidence indicating that White was present in Simms' triplex unit several hours before the murders occurred. The district court found this evidence insufficient to connect White to the commission of the charged crimes because "[m]ere presence at or near a crime scene does not in itself show an inherent tendency to commit the crime." Jenkins argues that showing a person's presence at a crime scene is sufficient to meet the foundational threshold and cites State v. Palubicki, 700 N.W.2d at 485-86, for that proposition.
We have consistently held and recently reaffirmed that "[m]ere presence at the scene of the crime does not, by itself, create an inherent tendency to connect a person alleged to be the alternative perpetrator to the commission of the charged crime." State v. Atkinson, 774 N.W.2d 584, 590 (Minn. 2009) (citing State v. Flores, 595 N.W.2d 860, 868-69 (Minn. 1999)). As for Palubicki, the case has to be read in context. In Palubicki, the defendant's effort to connect the alleged alternative perpetrator to the commission of the charged crime consisted only of a plan to rob the victim and the alternative perpetrator's alleged, yet unrelated, criminal activity. Palubicki, 700 N.W.2d at 485-86. The defendant did not assert that the alleged alternative perpetrator was present at the place and time of the crime. Id. at 486. Nor did the defendant offer any other evidence linking the alternative perpetrator to the charged crime. Id. In concluding that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it found that Palubicki failed to satisfy the foundational requirement, we simply noted that the evidence offered to satisfy the requirement not only did not "involve any evidence placing [the alleged alternative perpetrator] near the scene" of the charged crime it also did not "involve any evidence from which it could be inferred that [the alternative perpetrator] was present at the time" of the crime. Id. The import of what we said in Palubicki is that there was no evidence, not even presence, linking the alleged alternative perpetrator to the charged crime, much less to the commission of the charged crime. We did not hold that presence alone was sufficient to satisfy the foundational requirement. Thus, Jenkins' reliance on Palubicki is misplaced. Because the evidence submitted by Jenkins at most established that White was present in Simms' triplex unit at some point on the night of the charged crime, we conclude that the evidence did not have an inherent tendency to connect White to the actual commission of the charged crime. We therefore hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it found that Jenkins failed to satisfy the foundational requirement for the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence related to White.
With respect to Mack, Jenkins only offered evidence that Mack was present in Simms' unit at some point on the night of the murders. The district court found that Jenkins failed to satisfy the foundational requirement. For the reasons discussed above, that finding by the district court was not an abuse of discretion. During trial, Jenkins obtained information that on the night of the murders Mack threatened to have someone kill Curry. Jenkins, however, did not seek to revisit the district court's earlier ruling with respect to Mack's alternative-perpetrator status. Having failed to revisit the ruling during trial, Jenkins cannot now complain that he was denied due process because the district court failed to allow Jenkins to introduce alternative-perpetrator evidence involving Mack. We also note that any failure to allow the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence involving Mack likely had no impact on the jury's verdict. Jenkins did not make an offer of proof indicating what additional evidence he would have sought to admit at trial if he had satisfied the foundational requirement, and evidence of Mack's threat against Curry was admitted at trial, from which Jenkins was able to argue in closing that Mack could have been the shooter.
Jenkins' attempt to meet the foundational requirement with respect to Walker was also insufficient. Jenkins argued that Walker was present in the triplex at the time the murders occurred, told inconsistent stories regarding the identity of the shooter, knew the victims were dealing drugs from the triplex, and would lie to protect Simms. But, even if Walker was inconsistent in identifying who she saw leaving Simms' triplex unit the night of the murders or knew that the victims were dealing drugs from the unit or would lie for Simms, those facts do not in any way link Walker to the actual commission of the charged crime. Thus, the only offered evidence linking Walker to the charged crime was Walker's mere presence at the crime scene. And, as discussed above, evidence of mere presence does not satisfy the foundational requirement. Therefore, we hold that the district court did not err when it found the foundational requirement for the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence was not met with respect Walker.
At the pretrial hearing, Jenkins asserted that the following evidence had an inherent tendency to connect Simms to the actual commission of the charged crime: (1) Simms' presence in her triplex unit at the time of the murders; (2) Simms receiving threats from certain of the victims' family members alleging that Simms had committed the murders; (3) the victims were dealing drugs from Simms' triplex unit; (4) Simms' fingerprints were found on ordinary household objects in her residence; (5) Simms remained in the house for some amount of time before calling the police; (6) Simms' story, which included her identification of the person leaving her triplex unit after the shootings evolved from the 911 call until the time she testified; (7) Simms took medication for mental illness; (8) Simms had a cocaine habit; (9) Simms regularly mixed her medications with cocaine, resulting in violent outbursts, including an outburst that resulted in Simms throwing bleach in a man's face; and (10) Simms' flight to California shortly after the murders.
Based on our careful review of the record, we conclude that the district court did not err when it ruled that Jenkins did not meet the foundational requirement for the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence relating to Simms. While the evidence proffered with respect to Simms places her at the scene at the time the crime occurred, the assertions made by Jenkins do not connect Simms to the commission of this crime. Moreover, our task is to determine whether the evidence, not the assertions, contained in the proffer provides the required "something more" than mere presence. We conclude that it does not. For example, Jenkins asserts that Simms "fled" to California, but the evidence merely shows that Simms went to California and does not indicate that she fled. Like the additional evidence proffered with respect to Walker, none of the additional evidence proffered with respect to Simms links Simms in any way to the actual commission of the charged crimes. We therefore hold that the district court did not err when it found that Jenkins did not satisfy the foundational requirement for the admission of alternative-perpetrator evidence with respect to Simms.
V.
We next address Jenkins' claim that the district court erroneously excluded evidence showing bias on the part of Simms in favor of the prosecution. In its motion in limine, the State moved to exclude as irrelevant "[e]vidence regarding the decision of police not to place [Simms'] children on a hold for their protection and any evidence regarding the fact that the State reported Ms. Simms to child protection." The discussion at the hearing went as follows:
THE COURT: "The evidence regarding the decision of the police not to place children on a hold for their protection and any evidence regarding the fact that the State reported Miss Simms to Child Protection."
Why would that be relevant, defense team?
Why would it be relevant?
Well, first of all, do you oppose the motion?
MS. CLARK: I see it as two parts and yes, we would, and we do think it's relevant.
We think this is a typical way that police will turn mothers, is to hold in abeyance the threat that they'll take their children from them if they don't give them the information that they want.
We see this happen a lot.
It seems like it's fair game for why Cassandra Simms is changing her story in favor of the police theory of the case more and more as time goes on.
And then Part B, any evidence regarding the fact that the State reported Miss Simms to Child Protection, I'm not sure that I understand that.
Are the prosecutors talking about that they themselves got these children into the CHIPS system? I'm not sure.
THE COURT: Well, they did get into the CHIPS system, I guess.
MS. CLARK: You know, off the top of my head — I mean I'm — we're certainly not going to put the prosecutors on the stand.
I don't know.
Since I don't really understand the motion, I don't really know if it's going to be relevant.
It may be relevant to some other rulings the Court makes outside the hearing of the jury that has to do with these child witnesses, but to be honest, off the top of my head, I don't know.
I really don't.
THE COURT: Well, I'm going to grant that motion.
You have the right to reopen it if the circumstances change, the defense team.
The State also sought to exclude "[a]ny information about the CHIPS proceeding involving [D.F., J.F. and S.F.]." The discussion with respect to that evidence went as follows:
THE COURT: "Any information about the CHIPS proceeding involving [D.F., J.F. and S.F.]."
What's your reason for that motion?
MS. JOHNSTON: Well, your Honor, I think that the CHIPS proceeding would not be relevant.
It would not be relevant to the trial of this case and to the defendant's guilt or innocence whether or not Cassandra Simms was an unfit parent, whether or not she has had a transfer of legal custody in her case.
I think that's a collateral proceeding that is not relevant to this proceeding.
It is, to some degree, a confidential proceeding, and I guess on relevancy grounds alone I would think it would not be allowed.
THE COURT: Okay.
Any comment about that, Miss Waite or Miss Clark?
MS. CLARK: We talked about this over lunch, and we can't see that it would be an issue.
It's possible it could come in in a sideways way.
I mean we don't totally understand what happened with these CornerHouse tapes of them, but it's our understanding that that was done while they were actually in the custody of the State.
So that's the only way I could envision it coming in, but it's not like we want to put on evidence —
THE COURT: The motion is granted unless you get permission to do it.
Construing Jenkins' counsel's arguments at the pretrial hearing liberally, it appears from the discussion that Jenkins objected to the part of the motions seeking to exclude evidence relating to the police not placing the children on a temporary hold for their protection, but did not object to the remainder of the motions. The district court excluded the evidence on relevance grounds. We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. Vance, 714 N.W.2d 428, 436 (Minn. 2006). Absent an objection, our review is for plain error and involves four steps. Rairdon v. State, 557 N.W.2d 318, 323 (Minn. 1996). First, we ask (1) whether there was error, (2) whether the error was plain, and (3) whether the error affected the defendant's substantial rights; that is, "if [the error] had the effect of depriving the defendant of a fair trial." Id. If we determine that there was error that was plain and that affected the defendant's substantial rights, we "`then assess [ ] whether [we] should address the error to ensure fairness and the integrity of the judicial proceedings.'" State v. Tscheu, 758 N.W.2d 849, 863 (Minn. 2008) (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998)). If the answer to any one of the three initial questions is resolved in the negative, the claim fails and the defendant is not entitled to any relief. State v. Gutierrez, 667 N.W.2d 426, 433-34 (Minn. 2003). An error is plain "if it was `clear' and `obvious.'" State v. Ramey, 721 N.W. 2d 294, 302 (Minn. 2006) (quoting State v. Strommen, 648 N.W.2d 681, 688 (Minn. 2002)). Relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Minn. R. Evid. 401. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible. Minn. R. Evid. 402.
Jenkins now claims that the excluded evidence was relevant and should have been admitted to show Simms' bias in favor of the prosecution. Specifically, he claims that the State both threatened to take Simms' children away if Simms did not cooperate with prosecutors and initiated a CHIPS proceeding as a "carrot" to obtain that cooperation. On the record before us, we conclude that the district court did not err when it excluded the evidence.
We first note that at the hearing on the motions, Jenkins did not specifically argue that any of the evidence relating to the police not placing the children on a hold, the State reporting Simms to Child Protection, and the children's CHIPS proceeding was relevant to showing that Simms was biased in favor of the State. While he did make the assertion that "a typical way that police will turn mothers, is hold in abeyance the threat that they'll take their children from them if they don't give them the information they want," Jenkins made no effort to connect that practice to what happened in this case. Nor did Jenkins attempt to explain how the fact that the State subsequently reported Simms to child protection or information about the CHIPS proceeding caused Simms to be biased towards the State. Further, we note that Jenkins made no showing of the ways in which Simms' statements changed to be more favorable to the prosecution between the time of the statement she gave to police identifying Jenkins as the one she saw leaving her triplex unit shortly after the murders occurred and the time of the motion hearing. Finally, we note that the record indicates that by the time of the motion hearing Simms' children were in the custody of the children's father and that Simms had the right to reasonable visitation.
In that Jenkins did not specifically argue at the motion hearing that the evidence was necessary to show bias on the part of Simms, or explain how the subsequent reporting of Simms to child protection or how information about the CHIPS proceeding showed bias on the part of Simms, the district court was not in a position to evaluate whether the evidence the State was seeking to exclude had a tendency to make Simms' bias towards the prosecution more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. The same is true with respect to Jenkins' failure to either provide any evidence or otherwise explain how the police practice of "turning mothers" caused Simms to be biased in this case. Therefore, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion or commit any error when it granted the State's motion to exclude the evidence on relevance grounds.
VI.
Next, we address Jenkins' allegation that the police engaged in misconduct and violated his right to due process by targeting him to the exclusion of other suspects as evidenced, he claims, by the fact that within three hours of the murders the police had identified him as the shooter. To show motive for the misconduct, Jenkins sought to admit evidence of two lawsuits, one that he had successfully brought against the Minneapolis Police Department and one he had brought against the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA). The district court ruled that, absent a showing by Jenkins that the police targeted Jenkins, evidence of a motive to target Jenkins was inadmissible because it would be irrelevant, speculative, and prejudicial. The district court made clear at the time it ruled, however, that if Jenkins later was able to provide evidence of targeting then evidence of motive would be admissible.
Jenkins' targeting claim fails. First, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion when, after extensive discussion, it excluded evidence relating to the two lawsuits Jenkins claimed provided a motive for the police to target him. Although he had alleged targeting, at the time of the discussion Jenkins had not presented any evidence of targeting. As the district court noted, permitting motive evidence without a showing of targeting puts the cart before the horse. That is to say, until there is evidence of targeting, motive evidence is irrelevant, speculative, and prejudicial. Jenkins now argues that his targeting claim is supported by evidence that a bullet found in the kitchen windowsill may have been planted. Whatever the merits of this argument are, the argument was not made to the district court at the time it was considering the admission of the motive evidence. Nor did Jenkins attempt to revisit the issue during trial, even though he raised the alleged planting of the bullet during cross-examination of a number of witnesses and strenuously argued during closing argument that the bullet was planted.
Moreover, the record belies Jenkins targeting argument. The undisputed evidence indicates that when questioned by the police upon their arrival at Simms' triplex unit, Simms and Walker identified Jenkins as a person seen leaving the unit shortly after the murders. The police also learned within a short time that Porter's cell phone was missing and had been used after Porter's death to order a taxicab to take a man and a woman from 1714 Broadway in North Minneapolis to Quincy and 18-1/2 Street in Northeast Minneapolis, which was within a block of where Jenkins lived. In addition, they learned that Jenkins was in possession of a gun days before the murders. Further, when the police went to the rooming house where Jenkins lived, Jenkins answered the door and lied about his identity, they found the missing cell phone and a gun in his room, and after his arrest discovered bloodstains on the clothes he was wearing. This evidence amply supports the State's argument that the evidence led the police to Jenkins and, when coupled with our conclusion that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded the motive evidence Jenkins sought to admit, Jenkins' due process argument necessarily fails.
VII.
We next address Jenkins' prosecutorial misconduct claims.[ 1 ] In his post-trial motion for a new trial, Jenkins argued, as he does here, that the prosecution: (1) failed to meet its obligations under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963); (2) interfered with his access to material witnesses; (3) interfered with his access to material evidence; and (4) failed to preserve and destroyed material evidence. We must determine if the State committed any misconduct and, if it did, "we will grant a new trial when the misconduct impaired the defendant's right to a fair trial." State v. Graham, 764 N.W.2d 340, 347 (Minn. 2009) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). "For objected-to prosecutorial misconduct, we have utilized a harmless error test, the application of which varies based on the severity of the misconduct." State v. Wren, 738 N.W.2d 378, 389 (Minn. 2007) (noting that it has not been determined whether the two-tiered approach articulated in State v. Caron, 300 Minn. 123, 127-28, 218 N.W.2d 197, 200 (1974) "should continue to apply to cases involving objected-to prosecutorial misconduct" (quoting State v. Ramey, 721 n.W.2d 294, 302 (Minn. 2006))); see also State v. Cabrera, 700 N.W.2d 469, 473-74 (Minn. 2005). For the most part, the district court found that there was no prosecutorial misconduct. To the extent that the court found misconduct, it concluded that the misconduct did not result in any prejudice to Jenkins by impairing his right to a fair trial. Our review of the record leads us to the conclusion that the district court was correct.
With respect to his claim that the prosecution violated its obligations under Brady v. Maryland, Jenkins asserts that the State did not disclose blood spatter pictures from the crime scene, research from a shoeprint expert, that same expert's second report, and a threat made by Mack just hours before the murders that she would send someone to shoot Curry. Rule 9.01, subdivision 1, of the Minnesota Rules of Criminal Procedure, requires the prosecution to disclose, without order of the court, upon request of the defense counsel, any matters within the prosecuting attorney's control including photographs, reports, and other expert opinions that tend to negate or reduce the guilt of the accused. The failure of the prosecution to disclose evidence is grounds for a new trial if the evidence is material. Pederson v. State, 692 N.W.2d 452, 459-60 (Minn. 2005) (citing Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 (1972)); see also Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963) ("[S]uppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment."). However, even if the State violated its Brady obligations, relief will be granted only if the misconduct impairs the defendant's right to a fair trial. Graham, 764 N.W.2d at 347.
With regard to the blood spatter pictures, Jenkins argues that over 90 pictures were taken of blood spatter at the crime scene six days after the murders and were not disclosed to the defense until the weeks leading up to trial. Jenkins does not claim that he first received the photos on the eve of trial or after the trial started, and the record is not clear as to precisely how long the photos were in his possession before trial began. Jenkins claims, however, that he received the photos when it was "too late for the Defense to be able to utilize them" because the defense "blood spatter and ballistics experts had come and gone." Jenkins argues that these photos were disclosed too late, preventing him from fully exploiting the fact that the photos conclusively show that there had to be more than one shooter.
On the record presented, we conclude that any late disclosure of the photos did not interfere with Jenkins' right to a fair trial. At the outset, we note that Jenkins does not complain about the timeliness of the State's disclosure of other photos and a videotape of the crime scene taken the morning of the murders. Jenkins used these other photos and the videotape at trial. We also note that, although Jenkins makes the bare assertion that his blood spatter and ballistics experts "had come and gone" by the time the 90 photos were disclosed to him, he does not explain why the photos could not have been transmitted to the experts for their consideration before the trial started or how the photos could have been used differently to produce a different result at trial. More importantly, the record is clear that Jenkins received the photos before trial and was able to use them at trial, offering a number of them as trial exhibits. Further, Jenkins was not precluded from and, in fact, did argue to the jury that the blood-spatter evidence indicated that there was more than one shooter.[ 2 ] On this record, we conclude that any late disclosure of the 90 photos did not prejudice Jenkins and, therefore, he is not entitled to relief.
Jenkins similarly argues that some of the research from the State's shoeprint expert and the expert's second report were disclosed too late to be used. The State had a shoeprint expert analyze three shoeprints taken from the floor near one of the bodies. The expert generated an initial report, which the State timely disclosed to the defense. Subsequent to that report, the expert conducted additional research and prepared a supplemental report based on that research. The State learned of the additional research and supplemental report on the morning the expert was set to testify and disclosed the report to the defense before the expert testified but failed to disclose the research. As with Jenkins' claim concerning the untimely disclosure of the photos, Jenkins does not explain, and we fail to see, how his trial tactics or the outcome of the trial would have been different had this evidence been available to him earlier. Further, as the district court found when it ruled on this issue while addressing Jenkins's post-trial motion, the shoe expert's research and subsequent report were not exculpatory and the State did not use the evidence at trial. Therefore, we conclude that Jenkins is not entitled to relief on this claim.
In his post-trial motion, Jenkins claimed, as he does here, that the State failed to disclose Mack's threat to have someone kill Curry. Jenkins argued then, as he does now, that the "[f]ailure to timely disclose [the threat] prior to the alternative perpetrator deadline prejudiced [Jenkins]." The district court rejected this claim, finding that the State learned of this evidence at trial, at the same time the defense did. Because we review the district court's factual findings for clear error, State v. Buckingham, 772 N.W.2d 64, 70 (Minn. 2009), and because our careful review of the record satisfies us that the district court's finding is supported by the record, we conclude that it was not clearly erroneous. Therefore, we hold that there was no Rule 9.01 or Brady violation.
Jenkins also claims that the State actively interfered with his access to witnesses when it reported Simms to child protection. First, Jenkins contends that the State reported Simms to child protection for the purpose of preventing the defense from having access to the children. This argument is without merit. In denying relief on this part of Jenkins' post-trial motion, the district court found that the State did not report Simms to child protection for the purpose of denying Jenkins' defense team access to the children. That finding is supported by the record. Further, as the district court noted, the State provided the defense contact information for the children and their father, Dwayne Fowler. Jenkins is not entitled to relief on this claim.
We do find merit in Jenkins' claim that the State interfered with Jenkins' access to Simms' children by discouraging Dwayne Fowler from meeting with attorneys for the defense. Under Minnesota Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 9.03, subdivision 1, neither counsel for the prosecution or the defense shall advise persons to refrain from discussing the case with opposing counsel or "otherwise impede opposing counsel's investigation of the case." Based on an affidavit from Dwayne Fowler, Jenkins asserts that the State told Fowler not to speak with the defense team and disparaged the defense team when it made certain statements to Fowler that described the defense attorneys as "dangerous and bulldogs" and "hounds" who would stop at nothing to acquit their client. The district court found that the State's conduct was not improper. We disagree.
In State v. Mussehl, we disapproved of letters sent by the prosecution that went beyond advising the witnesses of their right to decline interviews and included a discussion about the defense attorney's obligations, including a statement that "[a] defense attorney in a criminal case is ethically obligated to do everything within his power to defend the person charged with the crime. In practice this means that he will be trying to get his client acquitted." 408 N.W.2d 844, 845 (Minn. 1987). We held those letters to be improper. Here, the prosecutor's statement suggesting that defense counsel would stop at nothing to acquit their client is similar to the statement we held improper in Mussehl. Moreover, disparaging defense counsel by calling them "dangerous and bulldogs" and "hounds" has the clear potential to impede defense counsel's ability to investigate the case. Further, to the extent that the State pressured Fowler not to speak with the defense team, that conduct also had the potential to interfere with Jenkins' access to witnesses. Thus, we conclude that the State violated Rule 9.03, subdivision 1.
A defendant is not entitled to any relief, however, unless he is able to show that the violation "prejudicially impeded his investigation of the case." Mussehl, 408 N.W.2d at 847. Here, Jenkins has failed to show that the prosecution's conduct impeded his investigation. As the district court found when it ruled on Jenkins' post-trial motion, the State's conduct did not impede Jenkins' investigation because the defense attorneys were able to speak with Simms' two youngest children before the children testified, and "[Dwayne Fowler] demonstrated his independence when he declined to allow attorneys from either side to interview his children until just before trial." Therefore, Jenkins is not entitled to relief on this claim.
Jenkins further alleges that the State interfered with his access to the gun and bullets by not allowing his expert to have unsupervised access to those items. This was not misconduct. We have never held, and decline to hold here, that a defendant's expert is entitled to unsupervised access to evidence in the State's possession.
Jenkins also argues that the State interfered with his access to the gun when it surreptitiously videotaped his expert's examination of the gun in violation of the district court's discovery order requiring that the State should not be "looking over [the expert's] shoulder." Because Jenkins does not explain how the State's act of videotaping his expert's examination of the gun impeded his investigation or otherwise resulted in prejudice to him, we conclude that he is not entitled to any relief on this claim.
Finally, we address Jenkins' claims that he is entitled to an acquittal because the State destroyed material evidence, thus denying him a fair trial. A defendant's right to due process of law is implicated when the State loses, destroys, or otherwise fails to preserve material evidence. State v. Krosch, 642 N.W.2d 713, 718 (Minn. 2002) (citing Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 56-58 (1988), and California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 486-91 (1984)). The duty to preserve evidence only applies to evidence that is actually collected during the investigation of the crime because "it would be illogical" to require the State to preserve evidence it does not possess. Krosch, 642 N.W.2d at 718. The failure to preserve potentially useful evidence that is actually collected during a criminal investigation does not constitute a denial of due process unless the defendant shows bad faith on the part of the police. State v. Bailey, 677 N.W.2d 380, 393 (Minn. 2004) (citing Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 58); see also Illinois v. Fisher, 540 U.S. 544, 547-48 (2004). Thus, when analyzing a destruction-of-evidence claim, "we consider whether the destruction was intentional and whether the exculpatory value of the lost or destroyed evidence was apparent and material." State v. McDonough, 631 N.W.2d 373, 387 (Minn. 2001) (explaining that State's intentional release of the motor vehicle in which the victims were killed did not violate McDonough's right to due process because McDonough failed to show that the evidence had exculpatory value); see also State v. Friend, 493 N.W.2d 540, 545 (Minn. 1992). When the evidence is destroyed as a result of intentional conduct, we consider whether there is any evidence that the State destroyed or released the evidence "`to avoid discovery of evidence beneficial to the defense.'" Bailey, 677 N.W.2d at 393 (quoting State v. Koehler, 312 N.W.2d 108, 109 (Minn. 1981)).
Jenkins first claims that the police failed to collect GPS data from the taxicab that allegedly transported Jenkins after the murders, failed to collect a wallet at the crime scene, failed to collect a pair of shoes visible in the police photos of the crime scene, and "did nothing to trap any civilian shoes or impressions" from the crime scene. Because the police had no obligation to collect any of this evidence, these claims necessarily fail.
Jenkins also argues that the police improperly released Porter's car to Porter's brother before his defense team had a chance to examine it for evidence. This claim also fails. Although the police looked in it the night of the murders to see if Porter's cell phone was inside, Jenkins does not allege and the record does not indicate that the car played any role in the murders. He does allege that a cell phone charger found in the car could have been exculpatory if it did not match the cell phone found in Jenkins room. However, the phone number provided by Porter's brother matched the phone number of the cell phone found in Jenkins room, is the same number of the phone that Porter used to call his brother earlier in the evening, and is the same number from which the person who ordered the taxicab for 1714 Broadway called. Thus, even if the cell phone charger in the car did not match the cell phone found in Jenkins room, the evidence would not have been exculpatory.
Next, Jenkins challenges what he claims to be the State's destruction of Jenkins' pants, which the State cut into sections in order to test the blood found on them. Jenkins asserts that the sectioning of the pants prevented him from showing that the police planted the blood. Because the record indicates that pants were photographed extensively before the bloody sections were cut for testing and all of the samples and the test results were made available to the defense, we conclude that blood evidence on the pants was properly preserved and turned over to the defense.
Jenkins also claims that the State failed to meet its obligation to preserve the blood evidence on the gun. Jenkins argues that removing the blood from the gun prevented the defense from showing that the blood spatter patterns on the gun found in Jenkins' room proved that it could not have been the murder weapon. Again, we disagree. The State photographed the blood evidence as it was found on the gun and made those photographs, along with the results of its DNA testing of that blood evidence, available to Jenkins. In addition, swabs of the blood evidence from the gun were preserved and made available to Jenkins so that he could conduct his own DNA tests. Because photographs of the blood evidence on the gun were made available to Jenkins, along with the results of the State's DNA testing and swabs of the blood evidence, we conclude that Jenkins' failure-to-preserve claim has no merit.
Jenkins further argues that the State destroyed evidence when, for purposes of testing, the police cleaned three bullets and a bullet fragment connected to the victims and the crime scene, denying him the opportunity to have his own expert test the bullets in their original state. He claims that this destruction of evidence prevented him from showing that the police planted the gun, the bullets, and the bullet fragment.
The record indicates that one of the bullets was recovered from inside the shirt of one of the victims by the medical examiner's office during the victim's autopsy, and that a bullet fragment was removed from the body of one of the victims during his autopsy. As is the practice of the medical examiner's office, the bullet and the bullet fragment were washed, placed in sealed envelopes marked for identification purposes, and turned over to the police investigators. The other two bullets were recovered by the police at the scene, property inventoried, and retained by the police. One of the bullets was recovered from the kitchen floor and the other from a windowsill in the kitchen. All three bullets and the bullet fragment were given to the BCA for further testing to determine if they were fired from the gun recovered from Jenkins' room. Because biological material such as blood, human flesh, and bone cause bullets to deteriorate, it is the BCA's practice to wash bullets it receives from the police for testing in a bleach solution. This practice was followed with the three bullets and the bullet fragment. Once cleaned, the BCA conducted comparison tests to determine whether the bullets and the fragment were fired by the gun found in Jenkins' room. The results of those tests were inconclusive, that is, the three bullets and the bullet fragment could not be directly linked to the gun nor could they be conclusively excluded as having been fired from the gun.
We hold that Jenkins has not shown bad faith on the part of the medical examiner or the BCA in cleaning the bullets. Further, there is no evidence that the bullets were cleaned "to avoid discovery of evidence beneficial to the defense." See Bailey, 677 N.W.2d at 393. In fact, the record indicates that the medical examiner and the BCA followed their standard practice in the handling of these bullets. Further, we note that even if we were to conclude that Jenkins had shown bad faith, we would also conclude that the failure to preserve biological material from the bullets was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Cannady, 727 N.W.2d 403, 408-09 (Minn. 2007) (explaining that constitutional error is not reversible error when the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. Richardson, 670 N.W.2d 267, 279 (Minn. 2003) (explaining that if the verdict is surely unattributable to the error, then the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt). In light of the direct link between Jenkins and the gun, and the victims and the gun, any failure to preserve biological material from the bullets and bullet fragment could not have prejudiced Jenkins. The gun itself was directly linked to Jenkins. It was found in his room with his fingerprint on it. The gun was also directly linked to one of the victims. Porter's blood was on the gun when it was seized from Jenkins' room. Thus, the connection between the gun and victims did not depend on the bullets and bullet fragment. In addition, the bullets and bullet fragment could not have played a significant role in establishing the connection between the gun and the victims because the ballistic testing was inconclusive. Based on the record in this case, the verdict was surely unattributable the State's failure to preserve the biological material that was on the bullets and bullet fragment.
In summary, we hold that Jenkins has failed to establish any misconduct on the part of the State entitling him to any relief.
VIII.
Jenkins next argues the district court erred in denying his request for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. Jenkins claims that information he learned from D.F.'s trial testimony implicating "Mooki" as the person who shot Curry and Porter constitutes newly discovered evidence. We have held that a defendant's new trial motion based on newly discovered evidence should be granted if: "(1) the evidence was not known to him or his counsel at the time of trial; (2) the failure to learn of the new evidence was not because of lack of diligence; (3) the evidence is material and is not impeaching, cumulative, or doubtful; and (4) the evidence is likely to produce an acquittal or more favorable result for the defendant." State v. Fort, 768 N.W.2d 335, 344 (Minn. 2009).
Jenkins' assertion that he first learned of the evidence implicating "Mooki" as the shooter from D.F.'s trial testimony causes this claim to fail because he cannot establish that "the evidence was not known to him during the time of trial." In addition to "Mooki" being implicated in D.F.'s testimony, the district court noted in its memorandum and order denying Jenkins' new trial motion that "Mr. Fowler testified that he had seen `Mooki' in a car outside 2922 Dupont several hours after the murders." Through Ms. Clark's affidavit, we learn for the first time that Mr. Fowler actually told her during the trial that "word on the street" was that Mooki and Wright had committed the murders. Yet, as the district court noted:
Testimony in this case ended early on March 21, 2008. The defendant had the balance of that day and a weekend to investigate Mr. Fowler's claim that Mooki and Wright were involved in the murders. Moreover, the defense could have asked for a continuance to further investigate these issues. Instead, the defense did not even disclose this rumored information to the Court or the State. The defense never sought a recess to explore their theories further. The record clearly demonstrates that this information was known to the defense at trial and they chose not to pursue it. (Footnote omitted).
Because the record supports the district court's finding that Jenkins knew about the allegations against "Mooki" before the end of trial but did not seek a recess to explore Mooki's involvement in the murders or otherwise pursue the theory that Mooki was the shooter, we hold that the district court did not err when it denied Jenkins' new trial motion based on newly discovered evidence.
IX.
Jenkins' final argument is that the district court violated Minn. Stat. § 609.035, subd. 1, when the court sentenced him to two consecutive life terms. This argument is wholly without merit. We have consistently held that the imposition of consecutive sentences for crimes involving multiple victims is permissible. See, e.g., State v. McLaughlin, 725 N.W.2d 703, 717 (Minn. 2007) (affirming two consecutive life sentences for the murder of two students); State v. Warren, 592 N.W.2d 440, 452 (Minn. 1999) (holding that trial court abused its discretion in imposing concurrent sentences, as opposed to consecutive sentences, upon defendant who shot and killed three victims at close range); State v. Brom, 463 N.W.2d 758, 765 (Minn. 1990) (holding that three consecutive life sentences were commensurate of defendant's murdering of four family members); Bangert v. State, 282 N.W.2d 540, 547 (Minn. 1979) (affirming two consecutive life sentences for a double homicide).
Affirmed.
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